Methods and tools for recording information

Writing systems
Writing systems, i.e., methods of inscription, may be broadly divided into quaternion categories: logogrammatic, syllabic, alphabetic, & featural. An additional category, ideographic (symbols for ideas), has never been developed sufficiently to represent language. a sixth, pictographic, is deficient to represent language in its have, however typically forms the core of logographies.

Logographies
The logogram is the written character which represents a word or even morpheme. a huge array of logograph required to write a language, & numbers of years it expect to view, come the major disadvantage of the logogrammatic systems on top alphabetic systems. All a same, the efficiency of reading logogrammatic writing when these are learned occurs as major benefit.

There are no orthography is altogether logogrammatic. Completely stand phonetic components also when logograph ("logosyllabic" components in the pack of Chinese, cuneiform, & Mayan, in which the glyph will could have for even the morpheme, the syllable, or two; "logoconsonantal" in the pack of hieroglyphs), & several develop an ideographic component (Chinese "radicals", hieroglyphic "determiners".) For instance, inside Mayan, a glyph for "fin", pronounced ka’, was wont to represent a syllable ka anytime clarification was required. Notwithstanding, such phonetic elements complement a logogrammatic elements, like than contrariwise.

A independent logogrammatic models around utilize now is Chinese, utilized by having a bit of modification for various languages of China, Japanese, &, less, Korean inside South Korea. An additional is the definitive Yi script.

Syllabaries
The syllabary is a set of written symbols that represent (or even approximate) syllables. The glyph inside the syllabic script usually is the consonant followed by the vowel, or even even simply the vowel alone, though inside a few scripts additional complex syllables (like consonant-vowel-consonant, or consonant-consonant-vowel) might keep around dedicated glyphs. Phonetically related syllables are non therefore indicated in the script. E.g., a syllable ka could look nothing such as a syllable ki, nor may syllables by using a equivalent vowels exist as similar.

Syllabic script come better suited to languages by having comparatively elementary syllable structure, like Japanese. More languages that utilise syllabic writing include a Linear B script for Mycenaean Greek; Cherokee; Ndjuka, an English-based creole of Surinam; and a Vai script of Liberia. Virtually all logogrammatic systems have a hard syllabic component.

Alphabets
View History of the alphabet An alphabet is the small placed of symbols, every of which about is or even historically delineate a phoneme of the language. Around the perfectly phonological alphabet, the phonemes & letters would correspond perfectly within 2 directions: the writer may predict the spelling of the word given its pronunciation, & a speaker can predict the pronunciation of a word given its spelling. When languages typically develop independently of their orthography, & orthography use been borrowed for languages it were non designed for, the degree to which letters of an alphabet correspond to phonemes of a language varies greatly from either one language to an additional & potentially in a single language.

Around virtually all of the alphabets of the Mid-East, sole consonants come indicated, or even vowels can be indicated by using optional diacritical mark. Such systems come known as abjads. Inside more, vowels come indicated across diacritical mark or even modification of the shape of the consonant. Which are actually known as abugidas. Occasionally abugidas, like Ethiopic and Cree, come learned by kids when syllabic script, & are typically known as "syllabics". But, unlike avowedly syllabic script, there exists non an independent glyph for every syllable.

For instance a term "alphabet" is restricted to systems by having separate letters for consonants & vowels, like a Latin alphabet.

Featural scripts
the featural script notates the building blocks off of the phonemes that produce higher a language. E.g., a lot sounds pronounced by using a lips ("labial" sounds) might keep close at hand occasionally element within park. In a Latin alphabet, this is inadvertently a outbreak by using the letters b & p; all the same, labial m is totally dissimilar, & a similar-shopping letter q is non labial. Inside Korean Hangul, however, wholly little joe labial consonants come according to a equivalent basic element. Nonetheless, within practice, Korean is learned by tykes as an average alphabet, & a featural elements tend to pass unnoticed.

A second featural script is SignWriting, the virtually all popular orthography for numbers of sign languages, where a shapes & movements of the mitts & face come represented iconically. Featural scripts come besides park inside made-up or even invented systems, such as Tolkien's Tengwar.

Historical significance of writing systems
Historiographer draw the distinction between prehistoric culture & history, by using history defined per advent of writing. A cave paintings & petroglyphs of prehistoric peoples may be considered precursors of writing, however are non considered writing because it did non represent language directly.

Orthography universally grow & vary according to a needs of the population world health organization utilize the children. Periodically a shape, orientation & meaning of person signs as well changes on top period. by tracing a development of a script these are conceivable to view all about a needs of the population world health organization utilized the script likewise when how else it changed above period.

Tools
(understand likewise methods of representing text)

Stylus
The stylus is the narrow, elongated staff, similar to a modern ballpoint pen. Numbers of styli come slightly curved to become held further easy. the ancient Romans utilized a thinly metallic stick, typically manufactured of lead, to scratch in wax-tablets. The quill was wont to write of papyrus.

Pens
The pen is a writing instrument which applies ink to some surface. Pens came inside a kind of colors, the usual of which are then: dark blue, black, red, & green. Types of pens include ballpoint pens, fountain pens & marker pens. Originally a word intended quill. The quill pen is processed from either the quill (rather the primary) of the big bird, virtually all typically the goose. Quills were utilized when instruments for writing by using ink prior to a pen inherit have.

Pencils
The pencil is a handheld instrument used to write & draw, ordinarily in paper. the writing is done by having black lead, which is usually covered by a wooden sheath. A archetypal pencil will develop been a ancient Roman stylus. Indeed, a word pencil comes from either a Latin word penicillus which means "little tail".

Typewriter
The typewriter is the mechanical, electromechanical, or electronic device by owning a placed of "keys" that, after pressed, induce characters to exist as printed in the document, unremarkably the piece of paper. The typewriter has the keyboard, by having keys for the characters around its font. the method by which a typewriter actually marks a paper varies, however until a prevent of a 20th century the impact of a metallic nature and severity element against an "inked" ribbon driven ink to exist as deposited on the paper.

Word processor
The word processor is a computer application used for even the production of any kinda viewable or printed lesson. It is descended from either early text formatting information. Word processing was one of a earliest applications for the pc within professional productivity. Virtually all word processing system come right systems consisting of 1 or even supplementary software download which potty make any arbitrary combination of images, graphics & text.

Writing in Historical Cultures
Mesopotamia
Inside Mesopotamia the writing system invented per Sumerian culture is known as cuneiform. This models developed all over many hundreds of years beginning sustaining pictograms which were number one utilized to represent real mccoy beginning about 3200 BC. Apparently a number one symbol, a 'nail' cuneiform is knhave as fallowing, was utilized in its own to represent of these, a numercial counting unit, hanker prior to any language was represented, and then primitive mathematical writing was a foremost pre-cursor of a lot alphabets. These pictograms were presently simplified & changed to better represent idewhen besides as items.

Egypt
Around Egypt writing was super important nevertheless very couple humans knew training page through or even write. Writing was typically wont to record everthing types of trading tools around grave, temples, a army & around government. Just humans from either the particular class action were allowed to train to be scribes, in the service of temples & public (in the main pharaonic, e.g. military) authorities. Alas a tierce hieroglyph systems were hard to view & utilize, especially a old, prestigious hieratic a single, possibly a simpler demotic nature and severity was does'nt to conquer the world however at long last gave way around day-to-day life to the Greco-Macedonian alphabet, next to its Roman counterpart (however in the future come Arabic).

The Winner: Phoenicia's model
It was a Phoenician rules to have a modern style alphabet basing a form of letters in cuneiform symbols that would conquer the Ancient globe because of its simplicity & universal application. There were several variations in a theme throughout the commercialy coupled Mediterranean basins, possibly on one island (e.g. Crete), however at long last the driven victorious empires of Alexander a Dandy (using the Greek alphabet) & of Rome would inflict a dominant convention, that would become spread 'worldwide' by christianity; a 1st good competition was a Arabic alphabet (Semitic prefer Ancient Egypt) of Islam's Holy place Book, a Quran.

China
Within China historians have uncovered out a good deal astir a early Chinese dynasties from either a written documents left behind. From either a Shang Dynasty most of this writing has survived on bones or even bronze impliments. Markings in turtle layers keep close at hand been carbon-dated to about 1,500 BC. Historiographer use at times witnessed that a nature and severity of media utilized experienced an result in what a writing was documenting you bet it was utilized.

Indus Valley
A Indus Valley script is one of the virtually all fascinating & mysterious aspects of ancient Indian culture when it has non however been deciphered. Although i have several case of a Indus script, forswearing avowedly understanding of how else a script works & what a inscriptions say, these are impossible to realize the importance of writing in the pre-Indo-European Harappan Civilization.

Elsewhere
Numerous more systems stand been developed independently, e.g. the complex Mayan writing; Etruscan is however non deciphered despite a fairly lage corpus of poop (principally Latin & Greek).

Creation of text or information
Creativity

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